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A zero, in linguistics, is a constituent needed in analysis but not realized in speech. Specifically in phonology, it refers to an element that is phonologically null. This implies that there is a lack of an element where a theory would expect one. It is usually written with the symbol "(unicode:∅)", in Unicode . A common ad hoc solution is to use the Scandinavian capital letter Ø instead. There are several kind of zeros. *A zero morph,〔(What is a zero morph? @ SIL International )〕 consisting of no phonetic form, is an allomorph of a morpheme that is otherwise realized in speech. In the phrase ''two sheep-(unicode:∅)'', the plural marker is a zero morph, which is an allomorph of ''-s'' as in ''two cows''. In the phrase ''I like-(unicode:∅) it'', the verb conjugation has a zero affix, as opposed to the third-person singular present ''-s'' in ''he likes it''. *A zero pronoun occurs in some languages.〔(''Discourse-Cohesive Devices in Language Acquisition: Intersentential Anaphorical Relations'', Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS) )〕 In the English sentence ''nobody knows (unicode:∅)'' the zero pronoun plays the role of the object of the verb, and in ''(unicode:∅) makes no difference'' it plays the role of the subject. Likewise, the zero pronoun in ''the book (unicode:∅) I am reading'' plays the role of the relative pronoun ''that'' in ''the book that I am reading''. This is also referred to as PRO. In pronoun-dropping languages, including null subject languages such as most Romance languages, the zero pronoun is a prominent feature. *A zero subordinate conjunction occurs in English in sentences like ''I know (unicode:∅) he likes me'', in which the zero conjunction plays the role of the subordinate conjunction ''that'' in ''I know that he likes me''. *A zero article is an unrealized indefinite or definite article in some languages. *A zero copula,〔(''A phonologically null copula functioning as a light verb in Japanese'' by Yutaka Sato, p. 2 )〕 in which a copula such as the verb ''to be'' is implied but absent. For example, in Russian the copula is usually omitted in the present tense, as in "Она красивая" (literally: ''She beautiful''), the same happening with colloquial Brazilian Portuguese, as in "irônicos, aqueles" (literally: ''ironic, those'' ()), though never with the adjective coming after the subject as usual in Romance languages. In English the copula is sometimes omitted in some nonstandard dialects. ==See also== * Zero-marking language * Zero-marking in English * Empty string 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zero (linguistics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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